Cybersecurity experts have compiled a list of browsers with the poorest levels of user privacy protection.

One of the top positions in this negative ranking was taken by Google Chrome, which placed second in terms of privacy risks.

According to a Digitain study published in December 2025, Chrome received a high risk score of 76 out of 100. However, the worst result belonged to ChatGPT Atlas, a new browser developed by OpenAI. It scored 99 out of 100, indicating an extremely high threat to user privacy.

Experts say that ChatGPT Atlas failed the “state partitioning” test, meaning websites can track users even across different sessions. Serious issues were identified, including user identification without cookies, weak tracker blocking, and vulnerabilities in basic connection security and navigation.

Google Chrome performed only slightly better but still remained in the high-risk zone. Close behind were Vivaldi with 75 points and Microsoft Edge with 63. All of these browsers were classified as having elevated privacy risks.

The full list of the ten browsers with the weakest privacy protection is as follows (the lower the score, the better the protection):

• ChatGPT Atlas — 99

• Google Chrome — 76

• Vivaldi — 75

• Microsoft Edge — 63

• Opera — 58

• Ungoogled — 55

• Mozilla Firefox — 50

• Apple Safari — 49

• DuckDuckGo — 44

• Tor — 40

Digitain’s Head of Digital Marketing, Paruyr Harutyunyan, drew special attention to the growing number of browsers with built-in artificial intelligence. He noted that even Mozilla Firefox recently announced major changes in an effort to keep up with competitors.

According to Harutyunyan, millions of users are currently testing these new browsers due to the hype surrounding AI, but this does not guarantee their safety. AI systems operate by collecting and learning from data, which means they may gather more personal information than users realize.

At the same time, browsers traditionally focused on privacy showed significantly better results. Although Mullvad Browser and Brave did not appear in the negative ranking, they received much lower risk scores and are considered more reliable in terms of protection against tracking.